A review by the Global Centre for Clean Air Research at the University of Surrey has found that pedestrians in Asian cities were exposed to PM2.5 concentrations 1.6 to 1.2 times higher than those in cities in Europe or the United States, and those in cars and buses to concentrations two to three times higher. Pedestrians in Asian cities were also exposed to twice as much ultra-fine particulate pollution as those in Europe or the U.S., while concentrations in cars were in Asia were up to about nine times as high as those in Europe or the U.S. In terms of black carbon (or soot), Asian pedestrians were exposed to about 7 times the black carbon concentrations than were their European or North American counterparts.
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