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Thursday, March 18, 2010

COURTSHIP is better than just DATING


COURTSHIP

Courtship can be a wonderful season in the developing romantic relationship of any couple. Courtship is also an important period. It is worthy of a couple’s utmost consideration. A bad date can be quickly forgotten. It may cost you a little time, a little money, and perhaps a little annoyance. A bad courtship, however, will cost you a piece of your soul—your emotional and mental substance. Dating is observation. Courtship is involvement. Dating is time allotment; it is an end in itself. Courtship is directional; it is moving towards something. Dating has no strings attached. Courtship involves some mutual responsibility, more vulnerability, and a greater need for trust. Dating is marketing. Courtship is negotiating a potential sale to its close. A person once said to me, “What you are saying is that dating is casual and courtship is serious. I hadn’t thought of it in precisely those terms, but she was right. Unfortunately in our society at large most people take dating seriously, and then they continue to date without really taking the idea of courtship seriously. Few people truly have a clear understanding about when they move from dating to courtship. Essentially for Yvethe and I, we went from being friends to courting, bypassing a lot of the negatives and got all the positives of dating. We are recommending the principles of what we did to everyone, even though the way you meet and what God may direct you to do may be quite different.

Courtship is the time when you begin to date one person exclusively, frequently, and with the purpose of determining if this is the person with whom you truly want to spend the rest of your life. Courtship begins with a decision to date only one person and ends in a formal engagement or a definitive dissolution of the relationship. In other words, the end of courtship is either an engagement or a breakup. A good courtship can be exhilarating and joyful. A courtship that is conducted poorly or ends badly can leave a person feeling bitter, angry, frustrated, disappointed, discouraged, and even depressed. Therefore let’s do courtship right!

Perhaps the appropriate word to describe a good courtship is growth. A couple should experience a growing together in closeness, a growing passion, and a growing identity of “us.” Courtship is not only allowing, but also cultivating the growth of a relationship. The word courtship comes from an Elizabethan era in which the ladies of the court were wooed and won by knights and lords of the court through the process of frequent visitation, attention, gifts and compliments. A man generally asked a woman’s father for permission to court his daughter, which implied that the man seriously and openly desired to pursue the possibility of marriage. In saying "yes" to a courtship proposal, the father was granting the man permission to visit his daughter, give her gifts, accompany her to formally to social events, etc. The two young people were rarely left alone, but perhaps were allowed to sit on the porch swing and talk, take walks together in the neighborhood, and perhaps even go on chaperoned buggy rides. In our world today, courtship is likely to be thought of as "going steady." Even though the social norms have changed, a good courtship still should be couched in extreme courtesy and respect. It should be marked by sexual purity. Before you begin to date a person, you should have carefully evaluated that person’s character. Dating gives you further opportunity to get to know the person from the inside out. Courtship is the time for evaluating consistency and for deepening communication.

We’ve all known couples who were on again, off again in their relationship. If such a couple ends up at a marriage ceremony, those who witness the event and have known the couple for a period of time are likely to think, "This is an upswing. A downswing is sure to follow." They may even be taking bets with their other friends about how long the honeymoon bliss will last. I have met and counseled couples who are worn out from their dating highs and lows, and then they have erroneously concluded, “We don’t seem to be doing very well in dating. Let’s get married.” That’s like saying, “I can’t bench-press seventy pounds, so let’s stack three hundred pounds on the bar.” Trust me—if you can’t get along with a person for a few hours a day, four or five times a week, you surely aren’t going to be able to get along with that person seven days a week for the next fifty years! There should be an easiness of compatibility in your dating relationship as you move into courtship. There should be a growing easiness in your relationship the longer you court. Don’t continue to add layer upon layer of time and commitment to something that does not have a solid foundation. Always provide a second chance but if there isn't any change and you have been clear, it may be time to move on.

A growing sense of togetherness is likely to be achieved through increased sensitivity, vulnerability, and depth of communication. Courtship is the time for sharing one’s deepest desires, hopes, and dreams. This should come about naturally because trust has been established during dating. Courtship is a time for telling life stories in detail, for exploring life’s future in detail, for sharing freely and fully anything and everything that you desire to share. In the Song of Solomon, the woman described Solomon this way: The voice of my beloved! Behold he comes leaping upon the mountains, skipping upon the hills. My beloved is like a gazelle or a young stag. Behold he stands behind our wall; He is looking through the windows, gazing through the lattice. (Song 2:8-9) Solomon was eager to get closer to the woman and was joyful in his desire to know everything about her. He was looking into the windows of her heart, gazing through the latticework of her soul to discover her innermost thoughts, opinions, feelings and secrets. He wanted to know all there was to know about her. And he was calling to her as he came to her. He was just as willing to reveal himself to her as he desired that she reveal herself to him.

If you are courting a person and you suddenly realize that you are bored with the life stories or that you have lost or are losing interest in listening to the other person’s opinions, it may be best to "call it a day" for the relationship. If you feel “out of sight, out of mind” about the one you are courting, you perhaps should call it quits. In courtship, time should kindle, not dwindle, a relationship. There should be an increased desire to discover more and more about each other, and spend more time together. I couldn't get enough of Yvethe, no matter how much time we spent together. The same holds true today! Courtship is a time for baring one’s soul to another person, including revealing any dark secrets from one’s past. A person who truly loves you should be able to handle the full truth about you. I know of instances where the truth was such that the other person in the relationship couldn’t handle it. That being the case, it was wise that the couple broke up because the love between them truly was not a godly, unconditional love. Conditional love is never a good foundation for a marriage for several reasons: the conditions tend to change over time, no one can fulfill all the conditions another person might set, and self-righteousness tends to develop, which in turn can give rise to all sorts of manipulative, controlling, angry and rigid behaviors. Yvethe and I have fully communicated our past and have embraced each other fully in spite of it. The past is the past, whether or not you were a Christian at the time. If God is able to forgive and forget no matter what we did, we are called to do the exact same, and that we have.

Courtship is a time for making yourself vulnerable to the one you are considering as a marriage partner. It is a time for taking the risk to share what may initially frighten, surprise, appall, dishearten, or shock the one you are courting. Even so, sharing at a level of vulnerability is something you must do. In the process, you will discover a great deal about the person you love. One of the foremost things you will discover is how the person responds to situations that frighten, surprise, appall, dishearten, or shock him/her! Such situations are bound to occur after your marriage. I believe it is far better to have a preview of how a person will respond to the dark, tragic, or disturbing aspects of life before marriage than to make these discoveries after the wedding vows are said. “But why do I have to tell?” you may ask. Because it's the right thing to do and will probably eventually come up. No matter how “buried” you believe a past error or sin may be, it will find a way of surfacing at some time in your relationship. And even if it doesn’t, you will always wonder, with a certain degree of guilt for keeping it secret, whether it will emerge and how it may come to light. Let Jesus be your role model as you hear and respond to the past life of the person you love: “As Christ also loved the church and gave Himself for her, that He might sanctify and cleanse her with the washing of water by the word, that He might present her to Himself a glorious church, not having spot or wrinkle or any such thing, but that she should be holy and without blemish” (Ephesians 5:25-27). Expose everything to the light!

Not only must you share fully the events of your past with your possible future spouse, buy you must also share your heartfelt dreams and desires for the future. Can you imagine the shock one young woman felt when after two years of marriage, her husband suddenly announced that they were going to Bible school and then to South America to serve as missionaries? “What happened?” she asked. “Did God speak to you at church last Sunday?” “No,” he said. “I have known since I was fifteen years old that this is what I am supposed to do with my life. I just haven’t been in obedience to God.” At the time the young man sought to get back into obedience, he and his wife had been out of college for three years and both were enjoying successful track records where they worked. They were expecting their first child and had just made a down payment on a house. He admitted that he hadn’t told her about this call of God on his life because he was afraid he would lose her. She did go with him to Bible school and to South America—willingly, not begrudgingly—but it wasn’t because he had kept his dream a secret. It was because God sovereignly spoke to her heart, because she was a woman of great character, and because her love for her husband was unconditional. Certainly not all dreams or goals are so dramatic, but even more routine dreams—about the house you want to have in the country, the number of children you desire to have, the way you desire to serve God in your community—should be shared during courtship. They should not be idealized images you think are the “right” dreams for a Christian young person to have; they should be genuine dreams that you have had for a significant period of time.

You should also share your expectations regarding a spouse. I recently heard a story about a young man who married a woman expecting that she would cook dinner every night, keep a neat house, and manage the family check book. His mother had done those three things, and she was his only image as to how a wife functioned outside the bedroom. During his courtship days, his girlfriend had cooked a couple of meals for him. She lived at home and her mother kept a neat, clean home. He automatically assumed that she would do the same. Not once did they have a discussion about how the two of them might divide the various daily-living chores and responsibilities they would face as a couple. What were her expectations? She hated to cook. She expected her husband to bring home enough money so that they could go out to eat every night or order in meals. If not, she expected him to cook. Furthermore, she expected to have a full-time housekeeper. She announced to her husband-to-be that she had a deep desire to shop and be a mother, preferably in that order. And to top it all off, she had never had a checkbook of her own and didn’t have the foggiest idea how to manage money. You can imagine the difficulties the two had in their first few years of marriage as both learned to make serious adjustments in their expectations of what a good wife or husband should do. They had a real struggle in finding common ground on which to build a daily living pattern that was satisfying to both of them. Don’t make promises about how you will live and act after you are married unless you have strong evidence that you have lived and acted in that way in the past. High expectations lead to disappointment which leads to bitterness, so be very careful about creating or having high expectations.

A good courtship should bring out the best in you and allow you to express yourself fully without any feelings of recrimination or apology. You should feel free to be who God created you to be. You cannot endure a lifetime of impersonating your mate’s ideal. Each of us is true to unique gifts. And that’s the way it should be. Courtship is a time for revealing your giftedness to another person and accommodating the other person’s gifts. If your giftedness blends together, what a blessing! If your giftedness competes or conflicts, you have a problem. If the one you are courting is resentful of your abilities and talents, jealous of your skills or achievements, uptight about your weaknesses or lack of ability in an area, take note. The two of you may have much in common and respect each other, but you may not “fit” together well for the long haul of marriage. Yvethe and I are amazed at how perfectly we fit together and bring out the best in each other, while making up for the other person's faults. Keep in mind you may have the same struggles or there may be things that bother you about the other person because God wants your mate to help you change. Who better than your spouse. But overall, you will compliment each other if that is truly God's best for you. Yvethe and I compliment and find completeness in each other, and you will have the same.

Communication at all levels—about the past, present, and future—should become completely honest and transparent in courtship. Such communication is risky, but it is vital to the establishment of a sound marriage. Secrets, facades, and future fantasies can be devastating to a relationship. If one person in a marriage relationship suddenly feels conned or betrayed in some way, intimacy and romance are going to fly out the window. It is extremely difficult to be sexually intimate or emotionally vulnerable with someone who is under a load of guilt or fear, or who is highly secretive about the past. It is very difficult to be vulnerable in romance with someone who refuses to open up and share who he is and what he dreams, desires, or hopes—or even worse, with someone who cannot forgive. Past secrets, untold dreams, and false expectations can cause a person to become “me” focused rather than “other” focused. A self-absorbed person will not be a willing giver of self. This will definitely have repercussions not only in the bedroom but in all areas of marriage.

As important as it is for the two of you to communicate at deep levels and reach a decision about commitment, it is very dangerous to share too much with a person too soon in a relationship. What you share should be at the level of trust you have established between you, and trust takes time to build. Some people are quick to say, “I love you,” when they barely know if they like the person to whom they are speaking. Too much, too soon. Courtship is not a time to be rushed. Exploring the depths of another person takes time. So does reaching deep levels of communication. Don’t expect a person to become immediately transparent, vulnerable, and totally self-disclosing to you. Neither should you do the same without first establishing a foundation of trustworthiness, sensitivity, and respect. Be certain that the person with whom you share your secrets will keep the secrets. Yvethe and I were able to quickly establish trust and communication, and communicate things openly, but we waited until Thanksgiving to fully communicate how we feel about each other. We are told in Proverbs, "Above all else, guard your heart, for it is the wellspring of life" (Proverbs 4:23). Do not give your heart hastily... Handle it carefully and make sure the other person does even more than you, or it may be broken.

Can your relationship survive misunderstandings, arguments, and the occasional conflict of interest? If not, take heed. In the Song of Solomon we find a mutual commitment of the couples to face and resolve difficulties: “Catch us the foxes, the little foxes that spoil the vines, for our vines have tender grapes” (Song 2:15). Foxes are deadly to vineyards because they nibble the early blossoms from the vines. As a result, no fruit will mature from those blossoms. A number of things have the capacity to nip a relationship in the bud before it has time to develop fully. Little foxes might include communication glitches, unthoughtful acts, little resentments and disagreements, colliding differences of opinion, or unchecked premarital passion. The two of you need to learn to fight clean and to resolve conflicts fairly and in love. Courtship is the time for developing those skills. A woman doesn’t need a perfect man, but she does need a man who is perfectible. She needs a man who is willing to listen to her and to take her ideas and opinions into consideration. At the core of many marital arguments is this issue of “you never listen to me; you don’t care what I think.” Men, if your girlfriend or wife accuses you of poor communication skills, own up to them. In 99 out of 100 cases, she’s right, and the other 1 case isn’t worth fighting about. I have to do this with Yvethe as we often have misunderstandings, but that is part of learning about each other: learning how to communicate and have dialogue with them.

The humorist Dave Barry once wrote about the reluctance of men to commit to relationships and marriage, “If a man was a chicken breast and you put him in the microwave in July, he wouldn’t be ready till Thanksgiving.” Men tend to shy away from commitment, very often believing that it will be confining, restrictive or burdensome. Women are sometimes too eager to jump into a commitment, generally for very different reasons: they are looking for security, support, and faithful love. Even if you are not ready to make a commitment related to marriage, courtship is a time in which some degree of commitment should be expressed openly by both persons in the relationship. Commit to the degree that you are willing and able to commit. I strongly encourage every young man who is in a dating relationship to say to the young woman after a few dates, “I don’t know if you are the person that God has for me to marry, but I want you to know that you are the type of woman I would enjoy spending my life with, I like being with you, and I’m open to seeing if this relationship goes somewhere. If you want to back out of our dating relationship right now, then that’s all right. You owe me nothing but honesty.” If you discover after a few dates that a young woman is not the type of person you want to spend your life with, tell her as gently as possible that you don’t anticipate that your relationship is going to lead to marriage, and therefore, you think it’s probably better that you part ways now rather than later. Be honest about your feelings and forthright about your intentions. You feel either one way or the other—express your feelings. You’ll save yourself and the person you are dating a lot of frustration and heartache. You’ll also feel better about yourself for being honest and straightforward. Yvethe and I took our time (and still are) but we did not suppress our feelings. We only suppressed some of what we felt verbally and physically until the day God said we could (November 24th). Now we share our feelings openly, whether good or bad. This will inevitably cause conflict and misunderstandings at times but I believe it is the best policy.

Also, mark the point at which you begin to court and make it significant. Yvethe and I made it very significant and I encourage you to read our story. Don’t just slide into courtship. Make a statement like: “We’ve been dating for a while, and I’d like for us to date each other exclusively. I enjoy your company, and you are the kind of person I’d like to marry. I’d like for us to seriously explore whether we truly are meant to spend the rest of our lives together.” If at any time in your courtship you realize that you are not going to marry this man or woman, end your courtship as graciously and kindly as you can. Don’t muddle along until you both are so hurt, frustrated, and upset that anger and bitterness take root. Also, do not romance someone and then in a fit of spirituality decide to be “wholly God’s” and leave her. Word will spread about you, and rightly so. Be careful with someone’s heart. The Bible says, "Above all else, guard your heart, for it is the wellspring of life (Proverbs 4:23)." My advice is this: don’t press for commitment, but do press for communication. You can say to someone who has dated you several times but hasn’t said how they feel about you or your relationship, “I’m not asking for any form of commitment, but I would like for you to communicate to me your feelings. Do you like being with me? Am I the kind of person you would consider spending the rest of your life with? Do you think there’s any possibility for this relationship to move to deeper levels?” Although you aren’t in a position to either expect or demand commitment, you can certainly probe for information. If they are totally unwilling to express their feelings, you have your answer. Either they aren’t willing to communicate with you, or they aren’t feeling anything—both of which mean they are not emotionally involved in the relationship. The point is, for any relationship to move forward from dating into courtship, and then from courtship to a formal engagement, somebody has to do some talking and somebody has to initiate the forging of commitment. Men, make that your responsibility. Take the lead! I made my intentions to Yvethe from the very beginning (in an email after the second time I got to know her) and I am very glad I did. In fact, I'll let you in on what I said:

I have been going to Calvary for over three years, am very involved there, and know a lot of people… I have been praying and have come to a conclusion: You are the one person I want to really get to know. Even though I don’t know you that well yet, so far you have fit my ideal in every way. The party seemed to confirm so much of what I had been sensing and I want us to proceed cautiously to sense what the Lord is doing. I would also like to know where you are in your walk… What is the Lord telling you regarding your relationships? Is this the right timing to consider something like this or do you need to focus completely on the Lord still? Do you have an accountability partner (your Aunt?) What I am saying is this and I want it to be clear: I want us to be closer friends, spend more time together in groups, seek the Lord and pray for guidance, and see if there is something here. All I ask is that you give me a chance and get to know me more.

Now if the time comes for you to part ways, do so in a way that leaves the other person encouraged, not devastated. Let the person know that you value the time you have spent together and that you want only the best for the person in the future. Let the person know that you will be praying that God sends him or her the right mate, and then follow through and pray that prayer. If your focus is on the Lord, you obey what He says, and make sure you hear clearly from Him, you cannot fail!



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Sunday, March 14, 2010

MIND DISCIPLINE



Meditation is a component of many religions, and has been practiced since antiquity. It is also practiced outside religious traditions. Different meditative disciplines encompass a wide range of spiritual or psychophysical practices that may emphasize
different goals—from achievement of a higher state of consciousness, to greater focus, creativity or self-awareness, or simply a more relaxed and peaceful frame of mind.

The word meditation comes from the Indo-European root med-, meaning "to measure."[2][3] It entered English as meditation through the Latin meditatio, which originally indicated any type of physical or intellectual exercise, then later evolved into the more specific meaning "contemplation."

Practices based in spirituality and religion
Meditation has been defined as: "self regulation of attention, in the service of self-inquiry, in the here and now."[4] The various techniques of meditation can be classified according to their focus. Some focus on the field or background perception and experience, often referred to as "mindfulness"; others focus on a preselected specific object, and are called "concentrative" meditation. There are also techniques that shift between the field and the object.[5]


Bodhidharma practicing zazen.In mindfulness meditation, the meditator sits comfortably and silently, centering attention by focusing awareness on an object or process (such as the breath; a sound, such as a mantra, koan or riddle-like question; a visualization; or an exercise). The meditator is usually encouraged to maintain an open focus:

... shifting freely from one perception to the next clear your mind of all that bothers you no thoughts that can distract you from reality or your personal being... No thought, image or sensation is considered an intrusion. The meditator, with a 'no effort' attitude, is asked to remain in the here and now. Using the focus as an 'anchor'... brings the subject constantly back to the present, avoiding cognitive analysis or fantasy regarding the contents of awareness, and increasing tolerance and relaxation of secondary thought processes.[5]

Concentration meditation is used in many religions and spiritual practices. Whereas in mindfulness meditation there is an open focus, in concentration meditation the meditator holds attention on a particular object (e.g., a repetitive prayer) while minimizing distractions; bringing the mind back to concentrate on the chosen object.

Meditation can be practiced while walking or doing simple repetitive tasks. Walking meditation helps break down habitual automatic mental categories, "thus regaining the primary nature of perceptions and events, focusing attention on the process while disregarding its purpose or final outcome."[5] In a form of meditation using visualization, such as Chinese Qi Gong, the practitioner concentrates on flows of energy (Qi) in the body, starting in the abdomen and then circulating through the body, until dispersed.[5] Some meditative traditions, such as yoga or tantra, are common to several religions.[6]

[edit] Bahá'í Faith
The Bahá'í Faith teaches that meditation is necessary for spiritual growth, alongside obligatory prayer and fasting. `Abdu'l-Bahá is quoted as saying:

"Meditation is the key for opening the doors of mysteries to your mind. In that state man abstracts himself: in that state man withdraws himself from all outside objects; in that subjective mood he is immersed in the ocean of spiritual life and can unfold the secrets of things-in-themselves."[7]

Although the founder of the Faith, Bahá'u'lláh, never specified any particular forms of meditation, some Bahá'í practices are meditative. One of these is the daily repetition of the Arabic phrase Alláhu Abhá (Arabic: الله ابهى‎) (God is Most Glorious) 95 times preceded by ablutions. Abhá has the same root as Bahá' (Arabic: بهاء "splendor" or "glory") which Bahá'ís consider to be the "Greatest Name of God".[8]

[edit] Buddhism
Main article: Buddhist meditation

Dynamic tranquilty: the Buddha in contemplation.Buddhist meditation is fundamentally concerned with two themes: transforming the mind and using it to explore itself and other phenomena.[9] The historical Buddha himself, Siddhartha Gautama, was said to have achieved enlightenment while meditating under a Bodhi tree. In Buddhist mythology, there were twenty eight Buddhas and all of them used meditation to make spiritual progress. Most forms of Buddhism distinguish between two classes of meditation practices, samatha and vipassana, both of which are necessary for attaining enlightenment. The former consists of practices aimed at developing the ability to focus the attention single-pointedly; the latter includes practices aimed at developing insight and wisdom through seeing the true nature of reality. The differentiation between the two types of meditation practices is not always clear cut, which is made obvious when studying practices such as anapanasati which could be said to start off as a shamatha practice but that goes through a number of stages and ends up as a vipassana practice.

Theravada Buddhism emphasizes the meditative development of mindfulness (sati, see for example the Satipatthana Sutta) and concentration (samadhi, see kammatthana), as part of the Noble Eightfold Path, in the pursuit of Nibbana (Nirvana). Theravada buddhism was the original practice, and uses a style of individuality each person is different ergo so is the path to Nirvana. Traditional popular meditation subjects include the breath (anapana) and loving-kindness (mettā).

In the Vipassana style of meditation the awareness is initially focused on the rising and falling breath and then (when respiration is almost suspended and the mind and heart still) on either some simple symbol (candle flame), body part (thumb or tip of the nose) or concept (provided any of these is unlikely to evoke emotional or intellectual disturbance).

One particularly influential school of Buddhist meditation in the 20th century was the Thai Forest Tradition which included such notable practitioners of meditation as Ajahn Thate, Ajahn Maha Bua and the Ajahn Chah.[10]

In Japanese Mahayana schools, Tendai (Tien-tai), concentration is cultivated through highly structured ritual. Especially in the Chinese Chán Buddhism school (which branched out into the Japanese Zen, and Korean Seon schools), ts'o ch'an meditation and koan meditation practices allow a practitioner to directly experience the true nature of reality (each of the names of these schools derives from the Sanskrit dhyana, and translates into "meditation" in their respective languages). The esoteric Shingon sect shares many features with Tibetan Buddhism. The Japanese haiku poet Basho saw poetry as a process of meditation concerned with the art of describing the brief appearances of the everlasting self, of eternity, in the circumstances of the world. We get a sense of this ethical purpose in his writing at the commencement of his classic work Narrow Roads to the Deep North. In a more lonely and perhaps more profound pilgrimage than Chaucer depicted in the Canterbury Tales, Basho reflects on mortality in intermingled poetry and prose as he journeys north from shrine to shrine.[11]

Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana) emphasizes tantra for its senior practitioners; hence its alternate name of Tantrayana Buddhism. Many monks go through their day without "meditating" in a recognizable form, but are more likely to chant or participate in group liturgy. In this tradition, the purpose of meditation is to awaken the sky-like nature of mind, and to introduce practitioners to the true nature of mind: unchanging pure awareness, which underlies the whole of life and death.[12][13]

The gift of learning to meditate is the greatest gift you can give yourself in this life. For it is only through meditation that you can undertake the journey to discover your true nature, and so find the stability and confidence you will need to live, and die, well. Meditation is the road to enlightenment.- Sogyal Rinpoche, The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying[12]

Most Buddhist traditions recognize that the path to Enlightenment entails three types of training: virtue (sīla); concentration (dhyāna); and, wisdom (paññā).[14] Thus, meditative process alone is not sufficient; it is but one part of the path. In other words, in Buddhism, in tandem with mental cultivation, ethical development and wise understanding are also necessary for the attainment of the highest goal.[15]

It has been argued that meditative traditions of Buddhism (which predated the recorded birth of Jesus by 500 years and were present in Asia Minor and Alexandria during Jesus' life), influenced the development of some aspects of Christian contemplative faith (Buddhism and Christianity).[16]

[edit] Christianity
Main article: Christian meditation

Meditation of François SaintChristian traditions have various practices which can be identified as forms of "meditation." Monastic traditions are the basis for many of these. Practices such as the rosary, the Adoration (focusing on the eucharist) in Catholicism or the hesychast tradition in Eastern Orthodoxy, may be compared to forms of Eastern meditation that focus on an individual object. Christian meditation is considered a form of prayer. Hesychastic practice may involve recitation of the Jesus Prayer, thus "through the grace of God and one's own effort, to concentrate the nous in the heart."[17] Prayer as a form of meditation of the heart is described in the Philokalia—a practice that leads towards Theosis which ignores the senses and results in inner stillness.

In 1975, the Benedictine monk, John Main introduced a form of meditation based on repetitive recitation of a prayer-phrase, traditionally the Aramaic phrase "Maranatha," meaning "Come, Lord", as quoted at the end of both Corinthians and Revelation.[18] The World Community for Christian Meditation was founded in 1991 to continue Main's work, which the Community describes as: "teaching Christian meditation as part of the great work of our time of restoring the contemplative dimension of Christian faith in the life of the church."[19]

The Old Testament book of Joshua sets out a form of meditation based on scriptures: "Do not let this Book of the Law depart from your mouth; meditate on it day and night, so that you may be careful to do everything written in it, then you will be prosperous and successful" (Joshua 1:8). This is one of the reasons why bible verse memorization is a practice among many evangelical Christians.[20][21]

The predominant form of worship among Quakers, or the Religious Society of Friends, has historically been communal silent prayer or meditation which consists of focusing on the Inner Light of Christ, listening for and awaiting the movement of the "still, small voice within," which may or may not result in being moved to spoken ministry.[22]

[edit] Hinduism
For more details on this topic, see Dhyana in Hinduism.
The earliest clear references to meditation in Hindu literature are in the middle Upanishads and the Mahabharata, which includes the Bhagavad Gita.[23][24] According to Gavin Flood, the earlier Brihadaranyaka Upanishad refers to meditation when it states that "having becoming calm and concentrated, one perceives the self (ātman) within oneself".[25]


A large statue in Bangalore depicting Lord Shiva meditatingRaja Yoga (sometimes simply referred to as Yoga) is one of the six orthodox (āstika) schools of Hindu philosophy, focusing on meditation. Dhyana, or meditation, is the seventh of eight limbs of the Raja Yoga path as expounded by Patanjali in his Yoga Sutras. Patanjali recommended "meditation with the Lord as the object" as a part of the spiritual practices (sadhana) that leads to samadhi, or blissful inner peace.[26] The word 'Yoga' is derived from the Sanskrit yuj, which means "to control", "to yoke", "to unite", and refers to techniques and disciplines of asceticism and meditation which lead to spiritual experience. The practices of Yoga help one to control the mind and senses so the ego can be transcended and the true self (atman) experienced, leading to moksha or liberation. Meditation in Hinduism is not confined to any school or sect and has expanded beyond Hinduism to the West.[25]

The different types of Yoga in Hinduism are designed to appeal to varieties of personality types, but to take the sincere practitioner to the same destinations in each case: first samadhi in which non-dual consciousness is experienced only in meditation and then samadhi where non-dual consciousness is experienced throughout waking activities.[27]

The influential modern proponent of Hinduism who first introduced Eastern philosophy to the West in the late 19th century, Swami Vivekananda, describes meditation as follows:

"Meditation has been laid stress upon by all religions. The meditative state of mind is declared by the Yogis to be the highest state in which the mind exists. When the mind is studying the external object, it gets identified with it, loses itself. To use the simile of the old Indian philosopher: the soul of man is like a piece of crystal, but it takes the colour of whatever is near it. Whatever the soul touches ... it has to take its colour. That is the difficulty. That constitutes the bondage."[28]

[edit] Islam
See also: Muraqaba
A Muslim is obliged to pray at least five times a day: once before sunrise, at noon, in the afternoon, after sunset, and once at night. During prayer a Muslim focuses and meditates on God by reciting the Qur'an and engaging in dhikr to reaffirm and strengthen the bond between Creator and creation. This guides the soul to truth.[citation needed] Such meditation is intended to help maintain a feeling of spiritual peace, in the face of whatever challenges work, social or family life may present.

The five daily acts of peaceful prayer are to serve as a template and inspiration for conduct during the rest of the day, transforming it, ideally, into one single and sustained meditation: even sleep is to be regarded as but another phase of that sustained meditation.[29]

Meditative quiescence is said to have a quality of healing, and—in contemporary terminology—enhancing creativity.[30] The Islamic prophet Muhammad spent sustained periods in contemplation and meditation. It was during one such period that Muhammad began to receive the revelations of the Qur'an.[31][32]

Following are the styles, or schools, of meditation in the Muslim traditions:

Tafakkur or tadabbur, literally means reflection upon the universe: this is considered to permit access to a form of cognitive and emotional development that can emanate only from the higher level, i.e. from God. The sensation of receiving divine inspiration awakens and liberates both heart and intellect, permitting such inner growth that the apparently mundane actually takes on the quality of the infinite. Muslim teachings embrace life as a test of one's submission to God.[33]
Meditation in the Sufi traditions is largely based on a spectrum of mystical exercises, varying from one lineage to another. Such techniques, particularly the more audacious, can be, and often have been down the ages, a source of controversy among scholars. One broad group of ulema, followers of the great Al-Ghazzali, for example, have in general been open to such techniques and forms of devotion, while another such group, those who concur with the prodigious Ibn Taymiya, reject and generally condemn such procedures as species of bid'ah (Arabic: بدعة) or mere innovation.
Numerous Sufi traditions place emphasis upon a meditative procedure similar in its cognitive aspect to one of the two principal approaches to be found in the Buddhist traditions: that of the concentration technique, involving high-intensity and sharply focused introspection. In the Oveyssi-Shahmaghsoudi Sufi order, for example, this is particularly evident, where muraqaba takes the form of tamarkoz, the latter being a Persian term that means concentration.

[edit] Jainism
Main article: Jain Meditation

Lord Mahaveer in meditative postureMeditation has been one of the core spiritual practices undertaken by the Jains since the era of first Tirthankar Lord Rishabha.[34] All the twenty four Tirthankars have practiced deep meditation before attaining enlightenment.[35] They are all shown in meditative postures in the images or idols. Lord Mahaveer practiced deep meditation for twelve years and attained enlightenment.[34]

The Oldest Jain Canon (4th Century BCE) describes meditation of Mahavira before attaining kevala Jnana:[36]

Giving up the company of all householders whomsoever, he meditated. Asked, he gave no answer; he went, and did not transgress the right path.(AS 312) In these places was the wise Sramana for thirteen long years; he meditated day and night, exerting himself, undisturbed, strenuously. (AS 333) And Mahavira meditated (persevering) in some posture, without the smallest motion; he meditated in mental concentration on (the things) above, below, beside, free from desires. He meditated free from sin and desire, not attached to sounds or colours; though still an erring mortal (khadmastha), he wandered about, and never acted carelessly.(AS 374-375)

After more than twelve years of austerities and meditation, Mahavira entered the state of Kevala Jnana while doing shukla dhayana, the highest form of meditation:[37]

The Venerable Ascetic Mahavira passed twelve years in this way of life; during the thirteenth year in the second month of summer, in the fourth fortnight, the light (fortnight) of Vaisakha, on its tenth day called Suvrata, in the Muhurta called Vigaya, while the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Uttaraphalguni, when the shadow had turned towards the east, and the first wake was over, outside of the town Grimbhikagrama, on the northern bank of the river Rigupalika, in the field of the householder Samaga, in a north-eastern direction from an old temple, not far from a Sal tree, in a squatting position with joined heels exposing himself to the heat of the sun, with the knees high and the head low, in deep meditation, in the midst of abstract meditation,he reached Nirvana, the complete and full, the unobstructed, unimpeded, infinite and supreme best knowledge and intuition, called Kevala.

The Jains use the word Samayika, a word in the Prakrit language derived from the word samay (time), to denote the practice of meditation. The aim of Samayika is to transcend the daily experiences of being a "constantly changing" human being, Jiva, and allow for the identification with the "changeless" reality in the practitioner, the Atma. If the present moment of time is taken to be a point between the past and the future, Samayika means being fully aware, alert and conscious in that very moment, experiencing one's true nature, Atma, which is considered common to all living beings. To live in samayik is called living in the present. The Samayika takes on special significance during Paryushana, a special eight-day period practiced by the Jains. One of the main goal of Samayika is to inculcate the quality of equanimity. It encourages to be consistently spiritually vigilant. Samayaika is practiced in all the Jain sects and communities.

In Uttarādhyayana Sūtra, Mahavira explains the various benefits of meditation:[38]

Disciple: Sir, what does the soul obtain by Samayika.

Mahavira: By Samayika or moral and intellectual purity (literally, equilibrium) the soul ceases from sinful occupations

—Uttarādhyayana Sūtra 29.8
Disciple: Sir, what does the soul obtain by Kayotsarga (complete steadiness of mind and body).

Mahavira: By Kayotsarga he gets rid of past and present transgressions; thereby his mind is set at ease like a porter who is eased of his burden; and engaging in praiseworthy contemplation he enjoys happiness.

—Uttarādhyayana Sūtra 29.12
Disciple: Sir, what does the soul obtain by anupreksha (contemplation on truths of universe).

Mahavira: By anupreksha or pondering (on what he has learned) he loosens the firm hold which the seven kinds of Karman, except the ayushka (have upon the soul); he shortens their duration when it was to be a long one; he mitigates their power when it was intense; (he reduces their sphere of action when it was a wide one); he may either acquire ayushka-karman or not, but he no more accumulates Karman which produces unpleasant feelings, and he quickly crosses the very large forest of the fourfold Samsara, which is without beginning and end.

—Uttarādhyayana Sūtra 29.22
Disciple: Sir, what does the soul obtain by ekagramanahsannivesana (concentration of thoughts).

Mahavira: By ekagramanahsannivesana or concentration of his thoughts he obtains stability of the mind.

—Uttarādhyayana Sūtra 29.25
Acharya Mahaprajna, the 10th Head of Jain Swetamber Terapanth sect , formulated a well organized meditation system known as preksha meditation in 1970s. With this, he rediscovered the Jain Meditation techniques available in ancient Jain scriptures[39]. The system consists of the perception of the breath, body, the psychic centres, psychic colors, thought and of contemplation processes which can initiate the process of personal transformation. Few important contemplation themes are - Impermanence, Solitariness, Vulnerability. It aims at reaching and purifying the deeper levels of existence. Regular practice is believed to strengthen the immune system and build up stamina to resist against ageing, pollution, viruses, diseases. Meditation practice is an important part of the daily lives of the religion's monks.[40]

The kayotsarg method is found to be very useful by many Jains. Its the process of complete relaxation with high degree of self awareness.

Contemplation is a very old and important meditation technique. The practitioner meditates deeply on subtle facts. In agnya vichāya, one contemplates on seven facts - life and non-life, the inflow, bondage, stoppage and removal of karmas, and the final accomplishment of liberation. In apaya vichāya, one contemplates on the incorrect insights one indulges into and that eventually develops right insight. In vipaka vichāya, one reflects on the eight causes or basic types of karma. In sansathan vichāya, when one thinks about the vastness of the universe and the loneliness of the soul.[41]

There exists a number of meditation techniques such as pindāstha-dhyāna, padāstha-dhyāna, rūpāstha-dhyāna, rūpātita-dhyāna, savīrya-dhyāna, etc. In padāstha dhyāna one focuses on Mantras[41]. A Mantra could be either a combinations of core letters or words on deity or themes. There is a rich tradition of Mantra in Jainism. All Jain followers irrespective of their sect, whether Digambara or Svetambara practice Mantra. Mantra chanting is an important part of daily lives of Jain monks and followers. Mantra chanting can be done either loudly or silently in mind.

[edit] Judaism
Main article: Jewish meditation
There is evidence that Judaism has had meditative practices that go back thousands of years.[42] For instance, in the Torah, the patriarch Isaac is described as going "לשוח" (lasuach) in the field—a term understood by all commentators as some type of meditative practice (Genesis 24:63), probably prayer.

Similarly, there are indications throughout the Tanach (the Hebrew Bible) that meditation was central to the prophets.[42] In the Old Testament, there are two Hebrew words for meditation: hāgâ (Hebrew: הגה‎), which means to sigh or murmur, but also to meditate, and sîḥâ (Hebrew: שיחה‎), which means to muse, or rehearse in one's mind.

The Jewish mystical tradition, Kabbalah, is inherently a meditative field of study. The Talmud refers to the advantage of the scholar over the prophet, as his understanding takes on intellectual, conceptual form, that deepens mental grasp, and can be communicated to others. The advantage of the prophet over the scholar is in the transcendence of their intuitive vision. The ideal illumination is achieved when the insights of mystical revelation are brought into conceptual structures. For example, Isaac Luria revealed new doctrines of Kabbalah in the 16th Century, that revolutionised and reordered its teachings into a new system. However, he did not write down his teachings, which were recounted and interpreted instead by his close circle of disciples. After a mystical encounter, called in Kabbalistic tradition an "elevation of the soul" into the spiritual realms, Isaac Luria said that it would take 70 years to explain all that he had experienced. As Kabbalah evolved its teachings took on successively greater conceptual form and philosophical system. Nonetheless, as is implied by the name of Kabbalah, which means "to receive", its exponents see that for the student to understand its teachings requires a spiritual intuitive reception that illuminates and personalises the intellectual structures.

Corresponding to the learning of Kabbalah are its traditional meditative practices, as for the Kabbalist, the ultimate purpose of its study is to understand and cleave to the Divine. Classic methods include the mental visualisation of the supernal realms the soul navigates through to achieve certain ends. One of the most well known types of meditation in early Jewish mysticism was the work of the Merkabah, from the root /R-K-B/ meaning "chariot" (of God).

In modern Jewish practice one of the best known meditative practices is called "hitbodedut" (התבודדות, alternatively transliterated as "hisbodedus"), and is explained in Kabbalistic, Hasidic, and Mussar writings, especially the Hasidic method of Rabbi Nachman of Breslav. The word derives from the Hebrew word "boded" (בודד), meaning the state of being alone. Another Hasidic system is the Habad method of "hisbonenus", related to the Sephirah of "Binah", Hebrew for understanding. This practice is the analytical reflective process of making oneself understand a mystical concept well, that follows and internalises its study in Hasidic writings.

[edit] New Age
Main article: New Age

Meditation workshop at 1979 Nambassa in New ZealandNew Age meditations are often influenced by Eastern philosophy, mysticism, Yoga, Hinduism and Buddhism, yet may contain some degree of Western influence. In the West, meditation found its mainstream roots through the social revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, when many of the youth of the day rebelled against traditional belief systems as a reaction against what some perceived as the failure of Christianity to provide spiritual and ethical guidance.[43] New Age meditation as practiced by the early hippies is regarded for its techniques of blanking out the mind and releasing oneself from conscious thinking. This is often aided by repetitive chanting of a mantra, or focusing on an object.[44] Many New Age groups combine yoga with meditation where the control of mind and breathing is said to be the highest yoga.[45][46]

In Zen Yoga Aaron Hoopes talks of meditation as being an avenue to touching the spiritual nature that exists within each of us.

At its core, meditation is about touching the spiritual essence that exists within us all. Experiencing the joy of this essence has been called enlightenment, nirvana, or even rebirth, and reflects a deep understanding within us. The spiritual essence is not something that we create through meditation. It is already there, deep within, behind all the barriers, patiently waiting for us to recognize it. One does not have to be religious or even interested in religion to find value in it. Becoming more aware of your self and realizing your spiritual nature is something that transcends religion. Anyone who has explored meditation knows that it is simply a path that leads to a new, more expansive way of seeing the world around us. [47]

[edit] Sikhism
Main article: Nām Japō
In Sikhism, the practices of simran and Nām Japō encourage quiet meditation. This is focusing one's attention on the attributes of God. Sikhs believe that there are 10 'gates' to the body; 'gates' is another word for 'chakras' or energy centres. The top most energy level is the called the tenth gate or dasam dwar. When one reaches this stage through continuous practice meditation becomes a habit that continues whilst walking, talking, eating, awake and even sleeping. There is a distinct taste or flavour when a meditator reaches this lofty stage of meditation, as one experiences absolute peace and tranquility inside and outside the body.

Followers of the Sikh religion also believe that love comes through meditation on the lord's name since meditation only conjures up positive emotions in oneself which are portrayed through our actions. The first Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Nanak Dev Ji preached the equality of all humankind and stressed the importance of living a householder's life instead of wandering around jungles meditating, the latter of which being a popular practice at the time. The Guru preached that we can obtain liberation from life and death by living a totally normal family life and by spreading love amongst every human being regardless of religion.

In the Sikh religion, kirtan, otherwise known as singing the hymns of God is seen as one of the most beneficial ways of aiding meditation, and it too in some ways is believed to be a meditation of one kind.

[edit] Taoism

"Gathering the Light", Taoist meditation from The Secret of the Golden FlowerMain article: Taoism
Taoism includes a number of meditative and contemplative traditions, said to have their principles described in the I Ching, Tao Te Ching, Chuang Tzu and Tao Tsang among other texts. The multitude of schools relating to Qigong, Neigong, Internal alchemy, Daoyin and Zhan zhuang is a large, diverse array of breath-training practices in aid of meditation with much influence on later Chinese Buddhism and with much influence on traditional Chinese medicine and the Chinese as well as some Japanese martial arts. The Chinese martial art T'ai Chi Ch'uan is named after the well-known focus for Taoist and Neo-Confucian meditation, the T'ai Chi T'u, and is often referred to as “meditation in motion”.

"The Guanzi essay 'Neiye' 內業 (Inward training) is the oldest received writing on the subject of the cultivation of vapor and meditation techniques. The essay was probably composed at the Jixia Academy in Qi in the late fourth century B.C."[48]

Often Taoist Internal martial arts, especially Tai Chi Chuan are thought of as moving meditation. A common phrase being, "movement in stillness" referring to energetic movement in passive Qigong and seated Taoist meditation; with the converse being "stillness in movement", a state of mental calm and meditation in the tai chi form.

[edit] Other
[edit] Meditation according to Krishnamurti
J Krishnamurti used the word meditation to mean something entirely different from the practice of any system or method to change the mind. He said, “Man, in order to escape his conflicts, has invented many forms of meditation. These have been based on desire, will, and the urge for achievement, and imply conflict and a struggle to arrive. This conscious, deliberate striving is always within the limits of a conditioned mind, and in this there is no freedom. All effort to meditate is the denial of meditation. Meditation is the ending of thought. It is only then that there is a different dimension which is beyond time.” For Krishnamurti, meditation was choiceless awareness in the present. He said "..When you learn about yourself, watch yourself, watch the way you walk, how you eat, what you say, the gossip, the hate, the jealousy - if you are aware of all that in yourself, without any choice, that is part of meditation."[49]

Two quotes taken from film footage of talk given by Jiddu Krishnamurti to children in 1984 "Meditation means 'To be free of measurement'." "Meditation can only take place when there is no effort, when there is no contradiction."[50]

[edit] Meditation using beads
Many religions have their own Prayer beads. Most prayer beads and Christian rosaries consist of pearls or beads linked together by a thread. The Roman Catholic rosary is a string of beads containing five sets with ten small beads. Each set of ten is separated by another bead. The Hindu japa mala has 108 beads, as also in Jainism, as may the Buddhist juzu. The Muslim mishbaha has 99 beads. Prayers and specific meditations of each religion are different and there are theological reasons for the number of beads. Prayer beads may come in different colors, sizes and designs. However, the central purpose, which is to pray repetitively and to meditate, is the same across all religions that use them as a prayer tool.[citation needed]

[edit] Secular practices

A collective meditation in Sri LankaForms of meditation which are devoid of religious content have been developed in the west as a way of promoting physical and mental well being, although they may also be used in a spiritual context:

Jacobson's Progressive Muscle Relaxation was developed by American physician Edmund Jacobson in the early 1920s. Jacobson argued that since muscular tension accompanies anxiety, one can reduce anxiety by learning how to relax the muscular tension.

Autogenic training was developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Schultz in 1932. Schultz emphasized parallels to techniques in yoga and meditation; however, autogenic training is devoid of any mysticism.

Australian psychiatrist Dr Ainslie Meares published a groundbreaking work in the 1960s entitled Relief Without Drugs, in which he recommended some simple, secular relaxation techniques based on Hindu practices as a means of combating anxiety, stress and chronic physical pain.

Herbert Benson of Harvard Medical School conducted a series of clinical tests on meditators from various disciplines including Transcendental Meditation and Tibetan Buddhism. In 1975 Benson published a book titled The Relaxation Response where he outlined his own version of meditation for relaxation.

The 1999 book The Calm Technique: Meditation Without Magic or Mysticism by Paul Wilson has a discussion and instruction in a form of secular meditation.

Biofeedback has been tried by many researchers since the 1950s as a way to enter deeper states of mind.[51]

Natural Stress Relief is a form of meditation which uses a silent mantra.

Acem Meditation has been developed in the Scandinavian countries since 1966. It is non-religious technique with no requirement for change of lifestyle or adaption to any system of belief.

Sound and light techniques of meditation are based on the results of studies with electroencephalography in long-term meditators. Studies have demonstrated the presence of a frequency-following response to auditory and visual stimuli. This EEG activity was termed "frequency-following response" because its period (cycles per second) corresponds to the fundamental frequency of the stimulus. Stated plainly, if the stimulus is 5 Hz, the resulting measured EEG will show a 5 Hz frequency-following response using appropriate time-domain averaging protocols.[52][53] This is the justification behind such inventions as the Dreamachine and binaural beats. Binaural beats and other audio techniques form the basis of the techniques at The Monroe Institute.

[edit] In a Western context
"Meditation" in its modern sense refers to Yogic meditation that originated in India. In the late nineteenth century, Theosophists adopted the word "meditation" to refer to various spiritual practices drawn from Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and other Indian religions. Thus the English word "meditation" does not exclusively translate to any single term or concept, and can be used to translate words such as the Sanskrit dhāraṇā, dhyana, samadhi and bhavana.

Meditation may be for a religious purpose, but even before being brought to the West it was used in secular contexts, such as the martial arts. Beginning with the Theosophists, though, meditation has been employed in the West by a number of religious and spiritual movements, such as Yoga, New Age and the New Thought movement, as well as limited use in Christianity.

Meditation techniques have also been used by Western theories of counseling and psychotherapy. Relaxation training works toward achieving mental and muscle relaxation to reduce daily stresses. Jacobson is credited with developing the initial progressive relaxation procedure. These techniques are used in conjunction with other behavioral techniques. Originally used with systematic desensitization, relaxation techniques are now used with other clinical problems. Meditation, hypnosis and biofeedback-induced relaxation are a few of the techniques used with relaxation training. One of the eight essential phases of EMDR (developed by Shapiro), bringing adequate closure to the end of each session, also entails the use of relaxation techniques, including meditation. Multimodal therapy, a technically eclectic approach to behavioral therapy, also employs the use of meditation as a technique used in individual therapy.[54]

From the point of view of psychology and physiology, meditation can induce an altered state of consciousness, and its goals in that context have been stated to achieving spiritual enlightenment, to the transformation of attitudes, and to better cardiovascular health.

[edit] Physical postures
This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (March 2010)

Main article: Asana

Half-lotus position.Different spiritual traditions, and different teachers within those traditions, prescribe or suggest different physical postures for meditation. Sitting, supine, and standing[55] postures are used. Most famous are the several cross-legged sitting postures, including the Lotus Position.

[edit] Spine
Many meditative traditions teach that the spine should be kept "straight," that is, the individual should sit erect but relaxed. Often this is explained as a way of encouraging the circulation of what some call "spiritual energy," the "vital breath", the "life force" (Sanskrit prana, Chinese qi, Latin spiritus) or the Kundalini. In some traditions the practitioner may sit on a chair, flat-footed (as in New Thought); sit on a stool (as in Orthodox Christianity); or walk in mindfulness (as in Theravada Buddhism).

Other traditions, such as those related to kundalini yoga, take a less formal approach. While the basic practice in these traditions is also to sit still quietly in a traditional posture, they emphasize the possibility of kriyas - spontaneous yogic postures, changes in breathing patterns or emotional states, or perhaps repetitive physical movements such as swaying, etc., which may naturally arise as the practitioner sits in meditation, and which should not be resisted but rather allowed to express themselves to enhance the natural flow of energy through the body. This is said to help purify the nadis and ultimately deepen one's meditative practice.[56]

[edit] Mudra/hand

Bas-relief in Sukhothai, Thailand depicting monks during walking meditation.Various hand-gestures or mudras may be prescribed in meditation. These can carry theological meaning or according to Yogic philosophy can actually affect consciousness, mood and energy. For example, a common Buddhist hand-position is with the right hand resting atop the left (like the Buddha's begging bowl), with the thumbs touching. Each finger is associated with a different sensitivity, and the belief is that finger endings locked into mudras create subtle energy shifts due to the different circuit connections. Pressing on finger endings also stimulates brain sections relating to different qualities - which a practitioner may want to enhance though meditation to create specific affects or changes.

[edit] Eye Focus and Gaze
In most meditative traditions, the eyes are closed. In some schools such as Zen, the eyes are half-closed, half open and looking slightly downward. In others such as Brahma Kumaris, the eyes are kept fully open. Others may keep the eye-lids 1/10th or barely open depending on what drishti (eye focus in kundalini yoga - meaning "vision" or "insight" in Sanskrit) the meditation instructs. Different eye focus points have different effects, and points such as the 3rd eye, or gazing over the nose help to lock the brain into a point of stillness. Pictures of saints in meditation may reflect different eye postures, and different meditations may call for staring into a saints eyes, a candle flame, or other object of focus (trataka meditation).

Often such details are shared by more than one religion, even in cases where mutual influence seems unlikely. One example is "navel-gazing," which is apparently attested within Eastern Orthodoxy as well as Chinese qigong practice. Another is the practice of focusing on the breath, found in Orthodox Christianity, Sufism, and numerous Indic traditions.

In Sufism meditation (muraqaba) with eyes closed is called Varood while with open eyes is known as Shahood or Fa'tha.

[edit] Mantra
While quiet or stillness is often desirable, some people use repetitive activities such as deep breathing, humming or chanting of mantra to help induce a meditative state. In Sikhism recitation and repetition of mantra and hymns or shabad, which describe the qualities of God, creates an experiential connection with Divinity. Bij (or "seed" in Gurmukhi) mantras are repeated constantly, deeply planted in the mind as constant reminders of Oneness. Buddhists regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off previous negative karma. In yogic science, man-tra ("man" meaning mind, "tra" to cut) helps "yoke" the mind to a more conscious and harmonious vibration. Mantra can affect the mind through combination (mudra) of tongue and palate. The repetition of mantra can aid meditation, clear the subconscious of unhealthy attachments, provide anchored stability, counter information overload, and break accumulated mental patterns.

All religions use forms of mantra such as with prayers, rosaries, ceremony; even the Christian "Amen" is a form of mantra.

[edit] Cross-legged sitting
Cross legged sitting, as in posture helps create a stable base for meditation that offers the least discomfort and distraction for extended periods of meditation. Several different varieties of seated asanas are practiced depending on the culture - ranging from easy crossed legs, to siddhasana ("perfect pose"), or the half and full lotus postures. Sitting on the heels is also possible. Seated meditation cushions often help extend meditative time and serve to elevate the hips and spine into proper alignment. Sitting cross-legged (or upon one's knees) for extended periods when one is not sufficiently limber, can result in a range of ergonomic complaints called "meditator's knee". Many meditative traditions do not require sitting cross legged.

[edit] Health applications and clinical studies
Main article: Health applications and clinical studies of meditation

Scenes of Inner Taksang, temple hall, built just above the cave where Padmasambhava was believed to have meditatedA review of scientific studies identified relaxation, concentration, an altered state of awareness, a suspension of logical thought and the maintenance of a self-observing attitude as the behavioral components of meditation;[5] it is accompanied by a host of biochemical and physical changes in the body that alter metabolism, heart rate, respiration, blood pressure and brain chemistry.[57] Meditation has been used in clinical settings as a method of stress and pain reduction. Meditation has also been studied specifically for its effects on stress.[58][59]

In June, 2007 the United States National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine published an independent, peer-reviewed, meta-analysis of the state of meditation research, conducted by researchers at the University of Alberta Evidence-based Practice Center. The report reviewed 813 studies in five broad categories of meditation: mantra meditation, mindfulness meditation, yoga, Tai Chi, and Qi Gong. The report concluded that "[t]he therapeutic effects of meditation practices cannot be established based on the current literature," and "firm conclusions on the effects of meditation practices in healthcare cannot be drawn based on the available evidence. However, the results analyzed from methodologically stronger research include findings sufficiently favorable to emphasize the value of further research in this field."[60]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wednesday, March 10, 2010

Good News! There's an Ideal Man for a Feminist Woman


Is there an Ideal Man for a Feminist Woman?
Good News! There is! Read On:

MENINIST
"Equality for All"

Meninist is a global organization of men that believe in and support the feminist principles of women's political, social and economic equality. The following represents the platform we believe in (but the need for equal rights for women should be self-evident in this day and age). This page hopes to convey that a growing movement of men recognize and support the women's movement, for the benefit of women, men and all of humanity.

1) We are opposed to all forms of misogynist behavior and sexist attitudes; we respect all women.

2) We believe in a woman's reproductive freedom and right to control her own body.

3) We oppose all forms of violence against women, including rape, sexual harassment and domestic violence, as well as all negative stereotypes and violence against women in film, television and advertising.

4) We understand the need for men to participate in the women's movement and help end 2000 years of men's patriarchy. We pledge to support women in every possible way we can, including sharing responsibilities around the house and in parenting.

5) We believe that women should be paid in parity to men for the same work done and women should be given the same opportunities in the work environment. We oppose the so-called "glass ceiling" (the oppression of women's ability to advance at the workplace). We oppose the "Old Boy's Network":

We welcome all "meninist men" of like-minded feelings to submit their letters of support.


Please e-mail your letters or mail them to:

P.O. Box 668
Woodstock, NY 12498

E-Mail us
Fellaz,

Keep up the good work! Nice to know that I'm not the only feminist man!

Greg
London



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The patriarchal system is at the core of most of the problems our society faces. Men were not born on Mars and women were not born on Venus. We were born on the same planet as equals. Although we have biological differences, 99% of all other differences are manufactured by societal stereotypes. If someone had asked me 10 years ago if I was a feminist, I probably would have said no. But if they had asked me if I thought men and women were equal and should be treated equally, I would have said yes. What's the difference? As a heterosexual, Caucasian, man I benefit the most from this patriarchy. I get the good jobs, more money, more respect, and no discrimination. I was unknowingly taught at an early age to do my part to maintain the system that benefits "us". As a result I acted macho, objectified women, and suppressed my feelings. Admitting to being a feminist would have been a sign of weakness on my part and given strength to a cause that would dismantle a system I benefit from. Men everyday claim to believe that women are their equal, but they don't live it. They treat women as inferior, often without even realizing it.
I have two sons and I am very concerned about their happiness. I am concerned about their ability to have healthy relationships and healthy friendships. Something I have discovered about myself is that although I have benefited financially from this system it has not made me happier. It has made me a jealous, controlling, angry man. Self discovery has helped change that and now I want to see change in other men around me. Girls and boys need to be taught that boys too can be sensitive, caring, and loving and girls too can be strong, independent, and capable. Traditional gender roles need to be broken in order for all of us to have healthy relationships with our partners, kids, friends, parents, siblings, etc.

Violence is rooted in unresolved anger. Anger is unresolved because individuals, usually men, never learn the skills needed to process their feelings. Our patriarchal system teaches boys and men to suppress their feelings, leading to anger and then violence. It is a vicious cycle that will only end when the patriarchal system is dismantled and stereotypes are eliminated. Imagine a world without violence.

I'm glad the Meninist Organization exists. I hope more men will start to see the light.

- Kelly O'Donnell
Ottawa, Ontario


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I worked at the UN in helping to draft the Convention for the eliminination of discrimination against women years ago. The experience taught me a great deal about the problems women face all over the world. I now have two daughters (as well as two sons) and am retired. I did not know of this organization before. Count me in for support in whatever way I can.

- Joseph Sanders


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I spent a good time being a "passive" sexist. That is I contributed to sexism through my words and actions without consciously thinking about it. When I became the father of two daughters and started thinking about ways to raise them to be strong, I realized just how sexist and wrong I had been. Since then I've been trying to support feminism and supporting other men trying to do the same. I've started an e-mail discussion group to discuss issues relating to men supporting feminism.

-Jim Salisbury


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Dear Meninist community,
I am so glad to find like minds out there countering the myths and slander to all men that come from the mouths of pimps and pornographers. It is exactly because men can choose to change who they are that men can and have been, graciously, held responsible for their actions by the feminist movement. The late Andrea Dworkin might smile to know some men understand how compassionate she and so many others really were and are when they demanded, even asked us to stop being oppressors. Though of course until the day without rape that she calls for in one of her speeches actually materializes, the man-made world has so far to go to undue itself.

There may be no longer-lasting nor more deeply ingrained notion than sex oppression, beginning from and undergirding the very differentiation between the sexes the way it exists worldwide today. That there are so many men out there who gladly give up their privilege, resting on the backs of women as it does, says so much about the humanity of men, that we really aren’t made to oppress and abuse and kill and subordinate as, in actuality, so few (if powerful) men proclaim. I so appreciate the collection of beautiful words on this page and add my own so as to make it clear that those who proclaim men’s superiority, women’s inferiority, or any denigrations on women disguised as sex “differences” that they do not speak for me. I own up to my identity as a male, not out of pride but so as to stand as an ally. My love for women, men, and myself demands nothing less.

May this meninist movement shake the foundations of the sexual order, letting it be seen for once as the pernicious absurdity that it is; let this movement in love mark the beginning of the end of the precedent set by the founders of the male dominated world.

All my hopes,
- James French
Brooklyn, NY



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My name is Ian Young, I am an 18 year old University Student up in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and for me, feminism means more than helping out our women, or lending a hand to a worthy cause. I am pro-feminist because living with such an unjust set of publicly accepted beliefs and boundaries, limits not only how we succeed as individuals, but as a society as well. When we bring people into this world that begins their lives at a disadvantage, we are doing them no favors; we are setting them up for an unnecessarily difficult existence. Feminism is not what I believe in, simply a title given to a process which I believe strongly in, that process being the institution of equality. Equity, for me, is not a notion that should even be challenged, is there a doubt that we are all born equal? Is there a doubt that we should be allowed to lead equal lives? Should we not all be free to live the way in which we desire? We are all raised to “be fair”, so why should these questions even be relevant to the world. I am a pro-feminist male because I strongly support bridging the gap of equity between the sexes.




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To whom it may concern,


I am writing this letter in support of the meninist movement. I suppose that I have always been a meninist. I grew up the youngest of four children, and the only boy.My parents were very supportive of all of us, and our choices. They did not let patriarchal gender roles influence our upbringing. They taught us the importance of equality on many issues, and what they did not directly address, I applied the values which they taught me.

Being the only male child greatly influenced my upbringing in my adolescent years. All of my sisters are strong in their own ways. Although none of them, save one, may actually classify themselves as feminists, I believe that they are. Their influences in conjunction with those of my parents shaped how I now view women.

My main feminist influence in my adult life came from a woman I once dated. She minored in Women’s Studies in University, and she exposed me to the idea that feminism was not merely a battle for equality amongst men and women, but rather that it seeks to end all forms of oppression. It was through my discussions with her that I realized how deeply patriarchal values run in our culture. Looking back, I can not imagine how blind I was to these ideals imposed by society. Since beginning my own formal education in Women’s Studies and feminism, I have striven to share my acquired knowledge with those around me. The most important group I try to impart my knowledge to is the young men and women I work with. The vast majority of them are in high school, and I feel it is important to ensure that they are properly educated in the underlying principles of the society that we all live in.

It is my dream to become a high school teacher, and should that happen, I will definitely bring all that I have learned through my experiences to the classroom. I would like to conclude by saying ‘Thank You’. Thank you for being strong men, and for looking to expand your network of men who are unafraid to act against the patriarchal system in which we live. I believe it is important to show that just because we, as men, ‘enjoy’ male privilege, this does not mean that we want to live in a society that places men above women, Caucasians above any other group, the rich over the poor, able bodied people over the disabled, skinny over fat, heterosexual over gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgendered.



Thanks once again,


Steven Vande Vyvere, University Student



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I am pro-feminist because women's liberation is necessary if we are to build a just world free from sexism, racism and homophobia. I am pro-feminist because women are partners in the struggle to end
militarism, imperialism and colonialism. I am pro-feminist because women deserve the right to live their lives free from male violence and oppression. I am pro-feminist because I can see no other way to live my life with dignity and pride. I am pro-feminist because if over 50% of the world's population are not free none of us are truly free. I am pro-feminist because it is right and just.

Peace,

Tim Looney
Chicago


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Being the father of a young daughter I wanted to write to you and let you know I fully support your organization and beliefs.

I hope that by the time she is grown that things will finally equal out in the world allowing her to fully reap the benefits of whatever she chooses to do. I would hate to think that she would be paid less then a man doing the same job or be treated solely as a sexual object by the men she encounters.

If we wish the best for our children, our daughters and our sons, then we should strive to make the world a better place for both sexes (not to mention races). Equality does not come by laws but by changing attitudes and knowledge dispersion. We cannot force others to feel a certain way, but we can educate them as to the belief that in God all things were created equal. Men should treat women as equals and women should strive to do the same. The world is a big place, filled with despair and hate at times - why let our own actions add to this when we can instead take the high road and work together as equals to better this world we have been given to inhabit?

Men who join with women in working for equal rights are men who believe in themselves enough to take that high road. We are individuals, not sexes. We can as individuals accomplish great things for all whether or not we are male or female. Mother Theresa accomplish more good in this world then I feel I ever will - it was not her sex that made her better, nor would it have made her worse, it was her will and desire.

While there is undoubtedly physical differences between a man and a woman, there are differences in us all physically, the mind is equal. What body we inhabit was God's choice, what we do with it is ours and we as men should not inhibit a woman because of her sex (would you have shouted 'hey hottie' to Mother Theresa or treated her like a sex object?). We are one, let us treat our sisters as we treat and respect our brothers.

- Todd Howell




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I'm a 29 years old married man. I'm happy to hear people who think like me.
I think that if we want a better world for us and our children we have to start now from the very begining of our education what is to change our values to become more responsible. We need to start with a project to educate ourselves and our friends. Then we have to joint to our women to modify our acts to get equality. This will create the harmony we need for our children.

In Mexico like many other countries in the world exists men who want to change but it's very difficult to accept our errors. My group of friends are really good guys who takes their responsibilities with great courage, the only thing we need to know is that the equality for women is also our resposibility.

Regards,
Victor Rosales Sierra
Mexico




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I consider myself profeminist for a number of reasons.

First of all, because I believe that women deserve all the respect, dignity and honour that men do -- what women have his-torically been systematically denied.

Secondly, I am profeminist becuase I recognize that there are both institutions of sexism racism, homophobia and classism that hurt women as a class and individual women -- and that there are ways that I as a male benefit from these same institutions. The ways that I benefit, without challenging those insittutions or those benefits, are the ways taht I parparticipate in the institutionalization of sexism.

Thirdly, I recognize that I also act in sexist ways that I need to be accountable for.

Finally, I'm profeminist because I believe that feminism has much to offer men. As we come to a better understanding of being able to stand on our own 2 feet, without being on the backs of women, we realize our own sense of selfhood, and true empowerment (as opposed to powerover).

Rus Ervin Funk
Washington, DC Co-founder - DC Men Against Rape - Founder Men for Gender Justice - Author "Stopping Rape: A Challenge for Men"




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I am thirty years old and very glad to have found your site. I have spent time volunteering for an organisation which works with men who are physically abusive. During my time there I learned about feminism and it changed my life. At times it can be lonely as a pro-feminist male. Most men don't understand me, and sometimes women don't either. Sure is great to see your site. Thanks

Brennan Poirier
Nova Scotia
Canada




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Wonderful work!
I am very glad to see other sites emerging in the field of pro-feminism. Men have long been entirely too silent in this area, and have simply sat back and basked in the benefits of patriarchy without realizing the harm that they were directly or indirectly causing. Men have a major role to play in both the feminist movement and the men's movement in disassembling the patriarchy and achieving equity of the sexes. We are already on the inside, looking out from the center of oppressive behavior. We have the edge in stopping the system before it does any more damage. Efforts such as Meninist are absolutely crucial to this movement and must continue. Please let me know if there is anything I can do for you to assist in your struggle. Thank you for this!

In Peace,
Kevin J. Fandl
(USA)




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I do not know whether I can consider myself as a meninist, the only thing that I can say is that in my life's philosophy I want to treat human beings in the same way and, since I see a lot of violence against women I strongly support every made effort to gain the gap existing between men and women worldwide recognition.

Best regards
Francesco Rocchi
Milan (Italy)




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I am a 30 year old physician in Los Angeles Area in California, in USA. I was born and raised for 15 years in Iran, a country not known particularly for its social and sexual justice, to make an understatement.
I think that empowerment for women is empowerment for men. It is empowerment for people. True and basic self respect and self esteem cannot coexist with a belief in superiority of men over women, because the concept of superiority is wrong to begin with. The man who believes he is superior to another, also can believe that another is superior to him. So, besides all the practical benefits mentioned by all the other members of your organization in their support letters, there are fundamental, ideological and psychological aspects to being a man who is profeminist.

I was lucky enough to be introduced to feminist studies in college and to take a few classes in the subject. The company of women in feminism is stimulating. They are intelligent, just, kind, wise people. So, if for no other reason, just interacting with women in feminism is an experience that uplifts us and adds to us.

I appreciate my inclusion as a member in your group.
Pedram Majidishad, M.D.




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Although we live in a patriarchal society, the tides are gradually turning. Increasingly women are taking a leading role in aspects of our culture. This is a positive change. Good comes when more people contribute their ideas to the solution of problems. Until recently, we have disenfranchised over half of our population - women. With their input into the decisionmaking process in this country, we gain from having twice as many viewpoints from which to choose.

We must cast off the old robes of men are dominant and women subserviant. We are all equal. We all have equal value. We all have equally viable ideas and solutions. If we did not need each other, one gender would not exist. Inequality has been struck down many times throughout the centuries. Slavery was outlawed. Women were given the right to vote. The civil rights movement insured the protection of rights. Our very own constitution states that all men are created equal.

The truth is that all people all created equal. Because this cannot be seen by all as self-evident, it is our job (the true believers) to educate and persuade those who stand in the way of progress. Women have stood alone too long in their cries for justice and equality. It is time for the majority to rule. Women along side the men that support their equality. We know that equality brings prosperity to all of us.

Todd A. Johnson
(USA)




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When I was 13 years old, I saw my mother miss out on several job opportunities and as an adult, I now realize that her "missed" opportunities probably resulted from blatant sexism (all of the jobs she applied for were later assumed by men!). I, therefore, truly recognize the need for women's equalities and the fact that both men and women are suffering due to the inequities inherent in a system founded BY men FOR men. Hopefully, I can use the success I have enjoyed in the business world to further opportunities for women and aid the battle for equality, but I CANNOT do it alone. One voice CAN cause a ripple in the pond, but MANY voices together can cause a wave. I hope that any other man who reads this testimonial will see the need for equality in society for women and add their voice to the cry for change. Thank you for your time and consideration.
Sincerely,
Elbo Williams
(USA)


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Hi there ! I'm interested in joining your organization. I think it's a very worthy cause since I don't get sexism and that kind of stupidity. To think that women are in some way a "lower lifeform" is just ridiculous....I urge every human being not to judge other people because of their physical appearances and or because of what "group" you think someone belongs to but rather look at each person as an individual and then (if you must) like or dislike them based on their actions.
Best regards, David from Iceland




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My name is Mel Charles and I am against discrimination against women just because of their gender. I love my wife very dearly (by the way, her name is Melissa) and I will never put my wife down because of her gender.
USA



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I am the first man to become paid staff at the women's center on my campus. I face alot of flack from other men who don't realize the potential they are wasting in trying to be so different from women. The things I have learned in the presence of such a variety of strong women have not emasculated me, but have taught me what it means to be a man. They ways we approach problems and deal with daily living are so different, but both ways are useful, depending on the circumstance.I have learned to "speak woman", and have found the things about myself that are valuable and that can add to the common good. I have done some un-learning, not always pleasant, but the shattering of myths is the only way we can create room for the truth.
I am a heterosexual, caucasian male, but I am dissatisfied with a world where opportunity is denied anyone, male or female, on the basis of their gender. There should be decisions based on ability, and nothing else. There are women who are capable of anything a man can accomplish in the work world, and men can fulfil any role a woman can at home with children. It is a matter of teaching those skills as a part of raising our children. The boys and girld should not be shaped based on their differentness, but rather on their sameness as humans, involved in the same struggle to survive.

I tell other men in workshops I do about dating violence and daterape, "talk to your women friends, know their safety issues, then DON'T ACT THAT WAY! The things you find out will help you be better lovers, husbands, fathers, sons, brothers, better MEN."

D White
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (USA)



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It is great that there are sites like this one for Profeminist men to realize that they are not alone. Day by day, second by second, there is a constant war with women. They are treated like playthings, objects and trophies.
It is time you can either be a part of the solution Or part of the Problem Only you can decide Make the dive, its much nicer to come clean.

Brian Ellis (USA)




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I am a 24 year old male that has considered himself a feminist for the past year. I am pleased to come across an organization of male feminists and so pledge my support.

The patriarchal reign of terror must come to an end so that a new era of love and understanding can begin to flower. It is tremendously difficult to take this stand from not just a social perspective but from a personal one as well. I continue to discover "old views", I thought had vanished, reappearing in a whirlwind of confusion and disgust. I see now that simply changing ones mind with regard to what's right is not enough. There is a much subtler change that must occur in the heart for there to be any lasting effect. I wish all of us well so that we may do just that.
Chris Santucci (USA)




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I have spent 24 years as a registered nurse, a male working in a predominantly female profession. I spent several of those years as an organizer-negotiator for a nurses union in upstate New York. Much of my role, then and thereafter, was to argue for the value of nurses (women's) work in male dominated organizations, organizations that had persistently undervalued the contribution of nursing and nurses to the mission. The failure of male hierarchs to understand the unique demands upon and unique contribution by women professionals persists; it is the duty those men who undrestand these dynamics to educate those men who do not, for the good of patient, organization and profession.
Mike Brennan RN, MS, CEN
(USA)



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Your website strikes a cord with me because I work as a manager in an industry that has a deep rooted history of being managed by an all male management team. As a male middle manager responsible for over 200 employees (about 55% female) I have learned the value that divers perspectives brings to the creative team work that can give an organization a competitive edge. I have had the opportunity to promote two women to every one man that I have moved into leadership positions. Some of our best supervisors are single mothers who learned their very effective management techniques while raising a family. I will depend on organizations such as yours to give me the resources to make the same kind of change at the senior management level. I admire the Meninist Organization for their concern and action. Keep up the good work!
Les Moore - Lafayette, IN
(USA)



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Hi there!
This letter is about how I can relate to the Meninist and their effort to support the feminist movement.

I recently found myself in a situation where some men shoved my face full of sexist slurs and comments. It started with this drunk guy harassing my friend, making fun of her clothes and other things, and it was at some point where he stepped over the line (I guess he stepped over the line the minute he opened his mouth), and I said something in the line of "If you´re supposed to represent the men in our society, then I´m ashamed of having a penis". This made him of course all mad and went on about how he was going to kick my sorry butt all over the place. I got away fortunately, not that I tried to flee, but I guess his 'friends' calmed him down.

The day after this incident I found this page, and boy was I happy to find out that I´m not entirely alone. All I want to say is that one should never accept sexist comments to appear anywhere directed to anyone.

Thanks for letting me speak my mind and get in touch if you feel like it.

Max J Hansson(Sweden)




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A man from Venezuela
I am a man. A normal, straight man. I live in a society that revolves around chovinism, and I really hate it. I've been looking for a way to express this feeling. To express my disagreement with all the things going on around me in this society, specially towards women. Women are simply an object here. Their inteligence is measured by their beauty, and I hate to see how they follow the game, because they don't know any better. Some of them are simply surviving. They know (or they think) the only thing they can count on is their body. As you may know we 'produce' some of the most beautiful women in the world. Well, that, and the oil industry, just make me sick. I repeat, I am completely straight, I just hate to see so much potential spread all over the floor.
Yours,
Ernesto
Maracaibo, Venezuela




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I believe women should be treated with the highest respect and guys should forget about this Macho crap. Women should not be emotionally or physically abused in any way in the home, or at work and should get equal pay as men for work that they do that is the same as men. I hope this letter helps.
Jeff age 43 (USA)




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Male Feminist/Meninist
I welcome the opportunity to join your group with open arms. The older I get, the more I learn from the people around me, the places I have been, and the rich history of the world the more important it becomes to stop simply tolerating differences in people, but to learn to appreciate that which makes each person unique and special. Feminism and the promotion of equality based upon the sanctity of human experience is invaluable in creating a more spiritual, more creative, and ultimately a more livable world. I refuse to let the ridiculous fiction perepetrated by the status quo retain any merit for my life. This fiction, that gender is subject to The Code of Should (e.g. Women Should nurture, be petite, defer, avoid mechanics and sciences, etc.. Men Should, be stronger, "wear the pants," be the head of the family,) serves only to limit what we are becoming every day. Hopefully that is more spiritual, less ignorant, less intolerant, and more critical and creative.

As a feminist man with a Women's Studies degree and the benefit of having learned innumerable lessons from Alice Walker, Toni Morrison, Bell Hooks, Maya Angelou, Adrienne Rich, Gloria Anzaldua, and Ani Difranco, I think it foolish to ignore the fact that our teachers come in many forms. They are of all races, sexual orientations, sexes and ages. They are women and men, girls and boys. I applaud the move of all men from the harmful fictions of patriarchy into a deeper understanding of the true powers of transformation, evolution and resistance. As we do our best to dismantle sexism brick by brick, we must all maintain the awareness that the oldest oppression--holding power "over" women has led to harmful egotism, ridiculous legal and religious practices as well as paving the way--laying the destructive ground-work for the homophobe, the racist, the anti-semite, and others who would supplant another's dignity or right to a free mind and will in favor of their own false mental/socioeconomic/cultural hierarchies. I am proud to join each of you and share the rage of a knowing, deep, reflective, love for all peoples.

Jonathan Darr
Arlington, TX (USA)




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I am a 50 year old male. I have been partnered with a courageous woman who has shared the pain of growing up in a patriarchal religious society here in Utah. I applaud all my brothers who are coming to see the insanity of society's myopia toward female people. I wonder what has been lost to humanity... the science, medicine, literature, art, etc. that has not come to fruition because females have been repressed, mostly by a males!! Human beings have been running on + power during thousands of years of male domination. This is a burden that must not be tolerated any longer! I found I could make a contribution to feminism by educating myself, and being honest about how I have historically contributed to "the problem." I have joined the National Organization for Women, and speak out any time someone is willing to listen. I confront oppresive language when I can. Most of the time the people I confront do not mean any ill.... they just "haven't thought about it that way." I would like to invite people eveywhere to examine their language, and make their speech as life-affirming and pro-human race as possible. Thank you all.
Johnathan Conley
Orem, Utah (USA)




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I fervantly believe in what you are into. I study gender at University and am pro-feminist, but also pro-men's movement. I am not an Essentialist but do feel that men have lost touch with things like parenting, equalitarianism and male bonding, and I don't mean swilling beer down at the pub.
Keep up the fight!
Matt
(USA)




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I want to live in a world without patriarchy, for selfish reasons of my own. The social systems and attitudes and practices and, even, personalities, caused by patriarchy are at the root of most of what I don't like about society now. I admire the feminist women, I think they are brave, and very honest, and despite reputation to the contrary, very fair towards men in theory, although they'd like to see us doing some of the work. I feel the need to get involved.
It would be nice to have brothers, to associate with other males who are neither anti-feminist nor passing out hair shirts for other guys to wear for being less feminist than they are, and to share our experiences and speak from our own experiences. We need to get more men to see what we have seen, even if it means translating things into terms and through experiences that they can understand.

Allan Hunter
(USA)




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Women are always the first victim of men's violence. As a man, I have never been able to stand it. The feminine part of me, which I guess exists in every man even though most of them reject it, does not accept the physical and moral pressure that most men put on women. This is against my sensitivity, against my idea of the respect due to any woman. All human beings are equal. None should be more than the others... The body's not the same but the consciousness is. Men like us are potentially the most effective defenders of women's cause. We can unite with women. We can reassure them that they are not isolated and that not every man is a b***dy f***ing macho or patriarchist. We can bring credit to their demands and prevent critiques of feminist as just another sexist attitude - i.e. the symmetrical attitude of machism. Therefore, men shall join the ranks of feminists / meninists for the same reasons that white people shall join the ranks of anti-racists.
Frédéric Frank (France)



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Hello, I am a 22 years old and have always held women as equal beings with men. Over the last few years, I have become more aware towards the magnitude of which women are constantly oppressed. I am in a loving relationship with my fiancee and since being with her, I have expanded my mind to the degree that I now feel totally disgraced by the fact that others of my sex don't see the negative connotations of living in a patriarchal society. The accomplishments of "men" are everywhere you look in history, philosophy, medecine, law, etc., but this is only due to male control. Throughout time, men have attempted to brainwash women who inturn brainwash other women so that they feel competant in their role as a "man". They do this in a way that to many it is not as blatant as has been witnessed in the the not-so-distant past. While in a legal sense, women seem to have created change in their recognition as an equal to man, men continuously use language which show that this legal change has not yet been accepted by men on a more personal level.
Everywhere I look, I can't help but notice that other men continue to treat women not as their equals, but rather as their accomplices. This must be changed. Neither man nor women would survive without each other. Instead of men trying to hype themselves up as the more important and capable of the two sexes, we need to realize that it does no good to distinguish the sexes in this manner and that we should realize that women and men need to exist on a level playing field so that either sex can experience twice the amount of options, opininions, feelings, and satisfaction that should be the ultimate goal of the human species. Finding this site is great because it validated my growing awareness surrounding this movement and I believe that if other men would educate themselves about this state of affairs, we could help each other to become a more connected species of humans.
Brent Pepper, London, ONT. (CAN)




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I personally belive every person is of equal capability no matter gender or race. I cannot accept sexist or racist views or actions. I want my daughter to believe in her abilities without having to live up to some antiquated standard. Above all I believe in freedom. Freedom of speech, informed opinion and choices. We should stop being seperated into classifications and just be humanists.
A. Marinato (USA)


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We welcome all "meninist men" of like-minded feelings to submit their letters of support.

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